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linux:commands [2007/12/16 23:44]
127.0.0.1 external edit |
linux:commands [2024/04/19 13:59] (current)
cyril [List] |
| ====== Current Commands ====== | ====== Usual Commands ====== |
| |
| ===== Links ===== | ===== Links ===== |
| | pwd | print the current path | | | pwd | print the current path | |
| | which <program> | print the path of the <program> | | | which <program> | print the path of the <program> | |
| | | write <user> | write messages with a user connected on the same machine | |
| ^ Kernel modules ^^ | ^ Kernel modules ^^ |
| | lsmod | list modules | | | lsmod | list modules | |
| | rc-update add script.sh boot | add the script to the boot level | | | rc-update add script.sh boot | add the script to the boot level | |
| ^ Manage users ^^ | ^ Manage users ^^ |
| | adduser -m -s /bin/zsh -g users cyril | add user cyril, ask creation of his home folder (-m), shell (-s), groups (-g) | | | adduser -m -s /bin/zsh -g <primary-group> <user> | add user, ask creation of his home folder (-m), shell (-s), primary group (-g) | |
| | passwd cyril | change the password of user cyril (or yours if no user specified) | | | passwd cyril | change the password of user cyril (or yours if no user specified) | |
| | groupadd <group> | add a group to the system | | | groupadd <group> | add a group to the system | |
| | /etc/passwd | contains UID of users, home directory and shell used | | | /etc/passwd | contains UID of users, home directory and shell used | |
| | /etc/shadow | contains crypted passwords of users | | | /etc/shadow | contains crypted passwords of users | |
| | /etc/group | contains groups GIDs and list of users in (you can edit it to add users to groups) | | | /etc/group | contains groups GIDs and list of users in | |
| | | usermod -a -G <group> <user> | add an exisiting user to an existing group | |
| | | chsh -s /bin/zsh | change default shell of user | |
| | userdel | delete user | | | userdel | delete user | |
| | groupdel | delete group | | | groupdel | delete group | |
| ^ Manage permissions ^^ | ^ Manage permissions ^^ |
| | chmod -R [u/g/o/a][+/-/=][r/w/x] <file(s)/folder(s)> | change permissions (user,group,other,all) | | | chmod -R [u/g/o/a][+/-/=][r/w/x/X][,...] <file(s)/folder(s)> | change permissions (user,group,other,all ; read,write,execute,execute clone) | |
| | chmod -R 0222 | change permissions (octal : rwx=1+2+4 / ugo) | | | chmod -R 0222 | change permissions (octal : rwx=1+2+4 / ugo) | |
| | chown -R <owner>:<group> <file(s)/folder(s)> | change owner and group | | | chown -R <owner>:<group> <file(s)/folder(s)> | change owner and group | |
| | | chgrp -R <group> <file(s)/folder(s)> | only change group | |
| | ^ Monitoring ^^ |
| | | top / htop / ps / free | processes (cpu, mem) | |
| | | nettop / jnettop | network | |
| | | lsof | opened files | |
| | | w | connected users | |
| | | pidstat | | |
| | | atop | | |
| ^ System ^^ | ^ System ^^ |
| | lspci | | | | lspci | | |
| | lshw | | | | lshw | | |
| ^ File content manipulation ^^ | ^ File content manipulation ^^ |
| | | ''cat file | head -n 2'' , ''cat file | tail -n 2'' | | |
| | ''cat file | grep <string>'' | only print lines containing string (-e for regexp) | | | ''cat file | grep <string>'' | only print lines containing string (-e for regexp) | |
| | ''grep -r <string> *'' | search recursively the string in all files | | | grep -r <string> * | search recursively the string in all files | |
| | ''cat <file> | cut -d " " -f 1,2,4-10'' | only prints the given fields (-f), obtained with the given delimiter (-d), or the complement (--complement) | | | ''cat <file> | cut -d " " -f 1,2,4-10'' | only prints the given fields (-f), obtained with the given delimiter (-d), or the complement (--complement) | |
| | ''cat <file> | sed 's/string1/string2/g'' | replace string1 by string2 (and a lot more with sed) | | | ''cat <file> | sed 's/string1/string2/g'' | replace string1 by string2 (and a lot more with sed) | |
| | | ''sed -i 's/string1/string2/g <files>'' | replace string1 by string2 in all files | |
| | | ''echo "Image 10:55.jpg" | sed 's/([0-9]{2}).jpg/\1 #1.jpg/' '' | example with more complex regex | |
| | | ''perl -pi -e "s/string1/string2/g" <files>'' | replace string1 by string2 in all files (and a lot more with perl) | |
| | | ''awk 'NR>10 && NR<1000 {print $#}' <file-in>'' | extract lines 10 to 1000 from file-in to file-out | |
| | | ''awk '{ print "[10]("$1","$4","$5","$6")" }' <file-in>'' | reorganize and reformat columns of a file | |
| | | ''awk 'NR==1 { t=$1 } NR>1 { dt=t-$1; t=$1; print dt; }' <file-in>'' | output the difference between two consecutive lines | |
| | ''cat <file> | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' '' | convert lowercase to uppercase (and a lot more with tr) | | | ''cat <file> | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' '' | convert lowercase to uppercase (and a lot more with tr) | |
| | | ''date +"%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S" | tr '\012' ' ' >> log.log'' | write date in a file without the last line return | |
| | ''cat <file> | wc -l'' | count number of lines (and a lot more with wc) | | | ''cat <file> | wc -l'' | count number of lines (and a lot more with wc) | |
| | ''recode iso-8859-15..utf8 <file>'' | convert encoding from latin9 to utf8 | | | iconv -f iso-8859-15 -t utf8 <file> | convert file content from encoding latin9 to utf8 (see also ''recode'') | |
| | ''convmv -f iso-8859-15 -t utf8 -r <folder>'' | convert file names of files in folder from latin9 to utf8 | | | convmv -f iso-8859-15 -t utf8 -r <folder> | convert file names of files in folder from encoding latin9 to utf8 | |
| | | paste | merge files by concatenating columns | |
| | | numfmt --to=iec --format="%.2f" | to convert numbers to and from human-readable format | |
| | ^ Programming ^^ |
| | | nm [-D] / objdump / ldd / readelf [-s] | check infos about link and symbols in exe and libs | |
| | | strace | list system calls a program issues | |
| | |
| | tr '\012' ' ' |
